1. The Protective Seal
A new cartridge has a transport tape and sometimes a protective cover on the drum. Until these are removed, the device either won't detect the consumable or will print blank sheets.
2. The Chip
The chip stores the yield counter. After a refill without replacing the chip, the printer keeps counting the cartridge as empty. Check that the chip is in place and not scratched.
3. The Contacts
Oxidized or dusty contact pads are a common cause after several refills. Gently wipe them with a dry, lint-free cloth, without alcohol and without pressing hard.
4. Firmware
Some manufacturers release updates that block non-original cartridges. If the problem appeared right after an automatic update, this is likely the cause. Disable automatic firmware updates on devices that use compatible consumables.
5. Compatibility
Check that the cartridge model matches your specific device revision — consumables that look identical often differ by region and version.